Air pollution - causes, impacts, protection and health effects
Felix Weber
2026-03-17
6 min. read
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Poland has been designated by the World Health Organization as one of the two most air-polluted nations in the European Union... In an alarming ranking, we stand alongside Bulgaria, but upon examination of the list of the most polluted cities in the EU, we must concede that we are leading... In the ranking of the 50 most polluted cities of the EU, 33 are situated in Poland.
Understanding the phenomenon of smog and its distinct types
The term "smog" is a portmanteau derived from "smoke" and "fog," referring to an abnormal atmospheric phenomenon predominantly observed in urban environments. It arises from the interaction between human-generated pollutants and adverse meteorological conditions, such as windless conditions or temperature inversion. During smog episodes, visibility is significantly impaired, while the hazardous chemical compounds present in the smog pose a substantial risk to public health. Based on geographical location, formation conditions, and chemical composition, two primary types of smog are distinguished: **classical (London-type) smog**, characterized by reducing and acidic properties, which typically occurs in winter months (November to February) within temperate climate zones, driven by elevated concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), particulate matter, and—to a lesser extent—nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide; and **photochemical (Los Angeles-type) smog**, exhibiting oxidizing properties, which predominantly forms in summer under intense solar radiation and high temperatures, where elevated levels of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons—primarily from vehicular emissions—play a critical role. In Polish cities and metropolitan areas, the specific composition and concentration of pollutants create conditions conducive to the formation of both smog types. The primary airborne contaminants in Poland include particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with benzo[a]pyrene being of particular concern due to its high toxicity.
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