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Essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFAs): biological role, dietary sources, and health implications of deficiency in the human body

Unsaturated Fats Nutritional Properties Balanced Diet Fatty Acids Metabolic Nutrition
Katarzyna Mazur Author
2026-09-24 Date
4 min. read article.read_time
3 Chapters

In contemporary society, the fats consumed exhibit diverse nutritional properties and varied effects on human physiological processes. Several decades ago, there was a prevailing belief that fats represented a harmful component of daily nutrition, leading to their systematic exclusion from dietary regimens. Nevertheless, scientific advancements have since demonstrated that specific lipid fractions—particularly essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFAs)—play pivotal metabolic, hormonal, and structural roles, rendering them an indispensable component of a balanced diet that supports optimal health outcomes.

NNKT – co to jest?

Największą rolę w żywieniu odgrywają kwasy długołańcuchowe, wielonienasycone, które oznacza się skrótem PUFA.. Zaliczamy do nich niezbędne nienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe (NNKT).. Są to związki egzogenne, które musimy dostarczyć organizmowi wraz z pożywieniem, ponieważ ustrój człowieka nie potrafi ich syntetyzować.. Ich wpływ na organizm człowieka jest bezcenny, ponieważ wspomagają pracę układu nerwowego i mózgu, ułatwiają odchudzanie, mają działanie antydepresyjne, wpływają na zdrowy wygląd paznokci, skóry, włosów, a także zmniejszają dolegliwości premenstruacyjne.. NNKT należą do dwóch rodzin: n-6 i n-3.. Częściej jednak możemy spotkać się z określeniem omega-6 i omega-3.. Przedstawicielami rodziny omega-6 są: kwas linolowy (LA), kwas gamma linolenowy (GLA) oraz kwas arachidonowy (AA).. W kwasach tych, licząc od grupy metylowej (CH 3), pierwsze podwójne wiązanie występuje przy 6 węglu.. W codziennej diecie spożycie omega-6 powinno wynosić 6 – 8% dziennego zapotrzebowania energetycznego dorosłego człowieka.. Do kwasów omega-3 możemy zaliczyć natomiast kwas alfa-linolenowy (ALA), eikozapentaenowy (EPA) oraz dekozaheksaenowy (DHA).. Pierwsze wiązanie podwójne w tych kwasach znajduje się przy 3 węglu licząc od grupy metylowej, a dzienne zapotrzebowanie na kwasy omega-3 wynosi 1 – 2 g.. Bardzo ważne jest również, aby w diecie zachować odpowiedni stosunek kwasów omega-6 do omega-3, który powinien mieścić się w granicach 2: 1 – 4: 1.

NNKT – źródła

Niezwykle istotne jest, aby w diecie uwzględniać odpowiednią ilość NNKT, ponieważ tak jak było wyżej wspomniane, kwasy te nie są syntetyzowane w naszym organizmie.. Muszą być w całości dostarczone z pożywieniem.. A więc gdzie możemy je znaleźć? Najlepszym źródłem omega-6 w diecie są oleje pochodzenia roślinnego.. Zaliczyć do nich możemy olej kukurydziany, z pestek winogron, słonecznikowy, sojowy, rzepakowy.. Cennym źródłem omega-6 są także nasiona dyni, słonecznika, sezamu, pistacje, migdały oraz większość orzechów.. Do najważniejszych źródeł kwasu alfa-linolenowego należą orzechy włoskie, laskowe, siemienie lniane, olej lniany, soja, olej sojowy, nasiona kukurydzy, tofu, a także zielonolistne warzywa.. Natomiast największe ilości EPA i DHA występują w tłustych rybach morskich tj.. : makrela, śledzie, sardynki, szprotki, łosoś, tuńczyk.. Mało osób wie, że możemy znaleźć je również w algach oraz niektórych wodorostach.

NNKT – skutki niedoboru

Zawartość NNKT w codziennej diecie jest niezwykle ważna.. Wspomagają one procesy zapamiętywania, uczenia się, ale również wpływają na prawidłowy rozwój intelektualny człowieka.. W związku z tym odpowiednio dobrana dieta powinna pokrywać zapotrzebowanie na te składniki.. Do czego może doprowadzić niedobór kwasów omega-3? Wyniki badań wskazują, że nawet niewielki niedobór DHA w diecie może przyczynić się do zahamowania rozwoju psychomotorycznego dziecka.. Dowiodły również, że dzieci otrzymujące odpowiednią podaż DHA wypadają lepiej w testach na inteligencję, ich umysł szybciej się rozwija.. Jednym z uznanych objawów niedoborów DHA u noworodków jest retinopatia wcześniaków, która może doprowadzić do całkowitej utraty wzroku.. Natomiast odpowiednia podaż w diecie dziecka EPA hamuje powstanie prozapalnych substancji.. Dzięki temu chroni organizm przed chorobami, infekcjami, a także wzmacnia jego układ immunologiczny.. Zatem niedobór tych kwasów uszkadza zdolność obronną układu odpornościowego.. Tymczasem u osób dorosłych niedobór może doprowadzić do zaburzeń emocjonalnych tj.. agresja, depresja. Może również wywołać problemy z pamięcią u osób w każdym wieku.. Natomiast kwasy omega-6, podobnie jak kwasy omega-3, w znaczący sposób wpływają na funkcjonowanie organizmu człowieka.. Wspomagają m.. in. Leczenie neuropatii cukrzycowej, a przyjmowanie kwasu GLA może załagodzić objawy nerwobólu u pacjentów z tym schorzeniem.. Badania wykazały również, że kwas GLA blokuje aktywność komórek nowotworowych, a kwasy omega-6 w połączeniu z kwasami omega-3 mogą przyczynić się do obniżenia ciśnienia krwi.. Niektóre badania sugerują, że niedostateczna podaż kwasów omega-6 może zwiększać ryzyko utraty masy kostnej, czyli przyczynić się do wystąpienia osteoporozy.. Wiele kwestii do tej pory nie zostało jeszcze wyjaśnionych.. Nie posiadamy dokładnych informacji, czy długotrwałe stosowanie NNKT może przyczyniać się do wystąpienia działań niepożądanych.. Należy jednak pamiętać, że nie tylko tłuszcz jest przyczyną otyłości, czy innych chorób cywilizacyjnych, dlatego nie powinniśmy eliminować go z naszej diety.. To dzięki niemu mamy energię do prawidłowego funkcjonowania w ciągu dnia.
Katarzyna Mazur

Katarzyna Mazur

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