Kinder, Jugendliche, Erwachsene und Senioren – alle brauchen Vitamine!

According to current pediatric guidelines, infants up to 12 months of age should receive daily supplementation of vitamin D at a dose of 400–800 international units (IU) to prevent deficiencies critical for proper skeletal system development. Additionally, exclusively breastfed children require vitamin K supplements due to its insufficient levels in maternal milk. Adherence to a balanced and varied diet typically eliminates the need for further vitamin supplementation, as well-composed meals fully meet the body’s daily nutritional requirements. The most commonly observed deficiency in poorly balanced infant diets is inadequate vitamin D intake, which plays a pivotal role in bone and tooth mineralization and regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism; chronic deficiency may lead to severe disorders such as rickets or osteomalacia. Another significant deficiency involves vitamin C—a potent antioxidant that boosts immune function, facilitates collagen synthesis, and accelerates tissue repair. Primary dietary sources of this vitamin include fresh, unprocessed fruits (e.g., citrus fruits, kiwis, strawberries) and vegetables (bell peppers, broccoli, parsley). As per the standards established by the National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, the daily vitamin requirements for children around 12 months of age are as follows: vitamin A (400 micrograms retinol equivalent), vitamin D (5 micrograms cholecalciferol), vitamin B1 (0.5 milligrams thiamine), vitamin B2 (0.5 milligrams riboflavin), vitamin B3 (6 milligrams niacin equivalent), vitamin B5 (2 milligrams pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (0.5 milligrams pyridoxine), vitamin H (8 micrograms biotin), vitamin B12 (0.9 micrograms cobalamin), vitamin C (40 milligrams ascorbic acid), vitamin E (6 milligrams alpha-tocopherol equivalent), vitamin K (15 micrograms phylloquinone), and folic acid (150 micrograms folate equivalent).

Adolescence is marked by rapid physical growth and profound physiological transformations, placing heightened demands on the body’s micronutrient requirements. Inadequate intake of essential vitamins during this critical phase may lead to long-term health complications. While a balanced diet remains the cornerstone of nutritional support, targeted supplementation may become necessary in certain instances—whether due to individual metabolic needs, lifestyle factors, or dietary restrictions. Vitamin A assumes a pivotal role in cellular differentiation, not only facilitating proper tissue development but also regulating cutaneous functions, which is particularly relevant for adolescents grappling with dermatological concerns such as acne vulgaris or excessive sebum production. Vitamin D is indispensable for bone mineralization and skeletal integrity, whereas vitamin C serves as a critical mediator in neurotransmission and immune response modulation. The B-vitamin complex underpins metabolic pathways, including DNA synthesis and erythropoiesis, thereby ensuring optimal cellular growth and regeneration. Gender-specific vitamin requirements arise from divergent anabolic processes—males, owing to greater muscle mass and accelerated tissue accretion, typically demand higher doses of certain nutrients. The following outlines the sex-differentiated daily reference intakes for adolescents: For males: Vitamin A – 900 micrograms; Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 1.2 milligrams; Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 1.3 milligrams; Vitamin B3 (niacin) – 16 milligrams; Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) – 5 milligrams; Vitamin B6 – 1.3 milligrams; Biotin (H) – 25 micrograms; Vitamin B12 – 2.4 micrograms; Vitamin C – 75 milligrams; Vitamin D – 5 micrograms (200 IU); Vitamin E – 10 milligrams; Vitamin K – 50 micrograms; Folate – 400 micrograms. For females: Vitamin A – 700 micrograms; Vitamin B1 (thiamine) – 1.1 milligrams; Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) – 1.1 milligrams; Vitamin B3 (niacin) – 14 milligrams; Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) – 5 milligrams; Vitamin B6 – 1.2 milligrams; Biotin (H) – 25 micrograms; Vitamin B12 – 2.4 micrograms; Vitamin C – 65 milligrams; Vitamin D – 5 micrograms (200 IU); Vitamin E – 8 milligrams; Vitamin K – 50 micrograms; Folate – 400 micrograms.

The dietary patterns of many adults in contemporary society are frequently characterized by nutritional deficiencies stemming from an imbalanced intake of essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Meals are commonly consumed in haste, with insufficient attention paid to their nutritional quality. Professionally active individuals, constrained by time limitations, often rely on food options available at workplace cafeterias or convenience locations—typically highly processed fast-food items rich in saturated fats and simple sugars, which fail to provide adequate metabolic support. It is crucial to recognize that food serves as the primary source of both energy and micronutrients vital for maintaining physiological functions. For those with demanding schedules, incorporating nutritious, time-efficient alternatives—such as balanced snacks or meals designed to preserve nutritional value—is advisable. According to guidelines from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the recommended daily vitamin intake for adults is as follows: **retinol (vitamin A)** – 900 µg for men and 700 µg for women; **thiamine (vitamin B₁)** – 1.3 mg/1.1 mg; **riboflavin (vitamin B₂)** – 1.3 mg/1.1 mg; **niacin (vitamin B₃)** – 16 mg/14 mg; **pantothenic acid (vitamin B₅)** – 5 mg; **pyridoxine (vitamin B₆)** – 1.3 mg; **biotin (vitamin H)** – 30 µg; **cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂)** – 2.4 µg; **ascorbic acid (vitamin C)** – 90 mg/75 mg; **cholecalciferol (vitamin D)** – 5 µg; **tocopherol (vitamin E)** – 10 mg/8 mg; **phylloquinone (vitamin K)** – 65 µg/55 µg; **folic acid** – 400 µg.

It is crucial to emphasize that the following guidelines do not apply to women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, as their bodies require significantly elevated intake levels of specific vitamins. Daily vitamin requirements undergo substantial variations depending on age, current health status, and a multitude of individual physiological factors. Elderly individuals are characterized by a reduced metabolic rate and diminished physical activity, though this does not preclude—and indeed, they are encouraged to—initiate structured resistance training to enhance their physical condition. A prevalent issue is impaired nutrient absorption, which is often exacerbated by coexisting medical conditions or the necessity of adhering to specialized elimination diets, ultimately leading to widespread vitamin deficiencies. An additional risk factor is limited mobility, infrequent grocery shopping, and a monotonous, nutrient-poor diet. To prevent deficiencies, the dietary regimen of seniors should be particularly abundant in vitamins and minerals. The detailed recommendations for women over the age of 60 and men of the same age group are as follows: **Vitamin A** (700 µg / 900 µg), **Vitamin D** (15 µg), **Vitamin E** (8 mg / 10 mg), **Vitamin K** (55 µg / 65 µg), **Vitamin C** (75 mg / 90 mg), **Vitamin B1** (1.1 mg / 1.3 mg), **Vitamin B2** (1.2 mg / 1.3 mg), **Vitamin B3** (14 mg / 16 mg), **Vitamin B5** (5 mg), **Vitamin B6** (1.5 mg / 1.7 mg), **Biotin (Vitamin H)** (30 µg), **Vitamin B12** (2.4 µg), **Folic Acid** (400 µg). Vitamins play an irreplaceable role at every stage of life, and their deficiencies may result in general malaise, deterioration of skin, hair, and nail condition, and even the onset of serious chronic diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain a balanced, nutrient-rich diet incorporating a diverse range of food groups. Complementary controlled supplementation may also be considered, which, when combined with rational nutrition, will contribute to sustaining physical well-being, aesthetic appearance, and—above all—health for many years.