Nutraceuticals - What They Mean and Examples

Functional food, i.e. foodstuffs with targeted nutritional benefits. By definition, these must be foods that have been proven to have a beneficial effect on at least one bodily function beyond basic nutritional value. This effect manifests in improved health, well-being, or reduced risk of diseases caused by specific dietary habits. Importantly, these cannot be supplements in tablet or capsule form but must be components of a standard diet. These are conventional foods that exhibit positive health effects, such as anti-inflammatory properties or cholesterol-lowering effects in the blood. They may originate from selective cultivation and breeding or be technologically modified, meaning they are enriched with bioactive substances (fiber, prebiotics, probiotics, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids) and free from undesirable components. Some countries, including the U.S. and EU nations, mandate the fortification of certain foods, such as iodized salt or margarine with vitamins A and D. In other cases, fortification is voluntary when manufacturers enhance the product's health benefits. The nutrients allowed for fortification are strictly regulated by the European Parliament and national health authorities. Additionally, the maximum permissible amounts of these nutrients are also specified in these regulations.

Undoubtedly, fermented dairy products such as kefir and yogurt, which contain specific strains of probiotic bacteria in addition to milk fermentation cultures (e.g., Jogobella, Bakoma, Danone), are considered functional foods. Additionally, vitamin-enriched margarines and oils, as well as foods fortified with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., Flora Original, Nova, Rama, Rama for children, Floriol), are notable examples. These additives are also present in certain eggs. Currently, margarines enriched with plant sterols are available, which have been proven to lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. While plant sterols naturally occur in plant-based products, their quantity in a standard diet is insufficient to exert therapeutic effects. Hence, they are added to commonly consumed margarines. In this case, the dosage is crucial – daily intake should not exceed 2–3 grams of these components (e.g., Benecol, Flora pro. active). High-fiber foods also qualify as functional foods, as they support digestive health, regulate lipid metabolism, reduce the risk of colorectal cancer, and aid in managing constipation (e.g., whole-grain products with added bran). In summary, functional foods offer numerous health benefits. Incorporating them into one’s diet can enhance overall well-being and reduce the risk of various diseases. However, it is essential to avoid both excess and deficiency of nutrients, ensuring a balanced intake.