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Air pollution - causes, impacts, protection and health effects

European
Felix Weber Author
2026-09-24 Date
6 min. read article.read_time
5 Chapters
Poland has been designated by the World Health Organization as one of the two most air-polluted nations in the European Union... In an alarming ranking, we stand alongside Bulgaria, but upon examination of the list of the most polluted cities in the EU, we must concede that we are leading... In the ranking of the 50 most polluted cities of the EU, 33 are situated in Poland.

Czym jest zjawisko smogu i jakie są jego rodzaje?

Termin "smog" stanowi połączenie angielskich słów "smoke" (dym) oraz "fog" (mgła) i odnosi się do niekorzystnego zjawiska atmosferycznego, które powstaje głównie w obszarach miejskich na skutek interakcji zanieczyszczeń emitowanych przez działalność ludzką z niekorzystnymi warunkami pogodowymi, takimi jak bezwietrzna aura czy inwersja termiczna. W trakcie występowania smogu dochodzi do znacznego pogorszenia widzialności, a zawarte w nim szkodliwe substancje chemiczne stanowią poważne zagrożenie dla zdrowia publicznego. W zależności od lokalizacji, warunków powstawania oraz składu chemicznego, wyróżnia się dwa podstawowe typy tego zjawiska: **smog klasyczny (londyński)**, charakteryzujący się właściwościami redukującymi i kwasowymi, który pojawia się przede wszystkim w okresie zimowym (od listopada do lutego) w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego, przy udziale wysokich stężeń tlenku siarki(IV), pyłów zawieszonych oraz – w mniejszym stopniu – tlenków azotu i tlenku węgla; oraz **smog fotochemiczny (typu Los Angeles)**, o właściwościach utleniających, powstający latem w warunkach intensywnego nasłonecznienia i podwyższonych temperatur, gdzie kluczową rolę odgrywają wysokie stężenia tlenków azotu i węglowodorów pochodzących głównie z emisji samochodowej. W Polsce, ze względu na specyfikę zanieczyszczeń i ich stężenia, obserwuje się warunki sprzyjające powstaniu obu rodzajów smogu, przy czym do głównych substancji zanieczyszczających powietrze należą: pyły PM10, PM2.5 oraz wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne (WWA), w tym szczególnie niebezpieczny benzo(a)piren.

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