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Sprue - causes, symptoms, treatment, and diet

Diet Therapy Nutrition Gluten
Mia Hoffmann Author
2026-09-24 Date
4 min. read article.read_time
5 Chapters
Sprue is a disorder that can manifest at any age, with changes in our body giving rise to a variety of symptoms that are the result of the adverse effects of gluten on our body. It is interesting to know what the causes of sprue are and how those affected cope with the condition.

Celiakia

Celiakia, inaczej nazywana glutenozależną choroba trzewną (coeliac disease), stanowi najczęstszą chorobę gastroenterologiczną, występującą w populacji ogólnej w ok.. 1% [1]. Jest chorobą zapalną jelita cienkiego, autoimmunologiczną o podłożu genetycznym, której przyczyną jest nietolerancja glutenu.. Wspomniany gluten stanowi frakcję białek zbożowych: gliadyny zawartej w pszenicy, sekaliny w życie oraz hordeiny w jęczmieniu.. W wyniku toksycznego działania glutenu, u chorych dochodzi do zaniku nabłonka jelitowego, co znacząco utrudnia wchłanianie składników odżywczych, niezbędnych do prawidłowego wzrostu i funkcjonowania naszego organizmu.. Stan kosmków jelitowych określa się na podstawie badania mikroskopowego bioptatu, czyli fragmentu tkanki, pobranej z jelita cienkiego.. W przypadku tego badania ocenia się liczbę limfocytów śródnabłonkowych, stanowiących pierwszy, najbardziej czuły wskaźnik toksycznego działania glutenu oraz stan kosmków jelitowych.. Wyniki przedstawiane są w skali Marsha (od 0 do 3c), gdzie 0 stanowi brak zmian morfologicznych i prawidłową błonę śluzową jelita cienkiego, zaś 3a całkowity zanik kosmków i obfite nacieki limfocytów.. W diagnostyce wykorzystuje się przede wszystkim badania serologiczne gdzie oznaczamy autoprzeciwciała przeciwko endomysium mięśni gładkich (EmA) oraz transglutaminazie tkankowej (tTG) w klasie IgA.. Przeciwciała te mogą występować w postaci choroby latentnej, co stanowi ostrzeżenie o możliwości rozwinięcia się celiakii w przyszłości u osób z brakiem klinicznych objawów [2].

Przyczyny celiakii

Głównym czynnikiem wywołującym zmiany jelita cienkiego jest gluten.. W wyniku hydrolizy zostaje rozłożony do 33-aminokwasowych fragmentów, które następnie są transportowane do blaszki właściwej błony śluzowej jelita.. Prowadzi to do powstania stanu zapalnego, który z czasem niszczy kosmki jelitowe, co wtórnie zaburza proces trawienia i wchłaniania.. U osób predysponowanych genetycznie stwierdza się obecność alleli HLA DQ2 i/lub DQ8, które odgrywają rolę w procesie zapalnym, toczącym się na obszarze jelita cienkiego [3].

Objawy celiakii

Objawy kliniczne celiakii mogą ujawnić się w każdym wieku i charakteryzują się dużym zróżnicowaniem.. Najbardziej typowymi objawami, które możemy zaobserwować u dzieci, są biegunka, bóle brzucha, wzdęcia, objawy zespołu złego wchłaniania oraz utrata masy ciała.. Innymi objawami, rzadko kojarzonymi z celiakią, są stałe uczucie zmęczenia, depresja, osteoporoza lub niedokrwistość, której przyczynę może stanowić utrudnienie wchłaniania żelaza bądź utrata tego mikroelementu w wyniku krwawień z przewodu pokarmowego.. Wymienione objawy najczęściej stanowią powikłania nieleczonej celiakii u chorych, którzy świadomie lub nie, pomimo choroby, stosowali dietę zawierającą gluten.

Leczenie celiakii

W wyniku przeprowadzonej diagnostyki i stwierdzenia celiakii, chorzy bezwzględnie muszą stosować się do zasad diety bezglutenowej do końca życia.. Dieta powinna być wprowadzona dopiero po postawieniu diagnozy, konsultacji z lekarzem gastroenterologiem i przeprowadzeniu badań.. Wcześniejsza eliminacja glutenu z diety, może wiązać się z uniemożliwieniem postawienia prawidłowego rozpoznania [4].

Celiakia – dieta

Dieta bezglutenowa stanowi podstawę leczenia celiakii.. Jest to dieta eliminacyjna, w której dzienne spożycie glutenu nie przekracza 10 mg.. Z jadłospisu wykluczamy wszystkie produkty i przetwory pochodzące z pszenicy, żyta, jęczmienia, a także owsa, które pomimo naturalnego braku glutenu, może być nim zanieczyszczone [2].. Do diety należy wprowadzić zamienniki w postaci chleba i innych produktów wytworzonych na bazie naturalnie bezglutenowych surowców takich jak ryż, ziemniaki, soja, proso, gryka, tapioka, amarantus, maniok.. Glutenu nie zawierają także soczewica, fasola, sago, sorgo, orzechy, mięso, owoce i warzywa.. Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na produkty gotowe, pakowane, w których składzie może znajdować się gluten użyty w czasie produkcji.. Dotyczy to przede wszystkim wędlin i konserw mięsnych, słodyczy, czy też gotowych dań z dodatkiem sosów.. Dobrze zbilansowana dieta bezglutenowa może być smaczna, przyjemna, a jednocześnie stanowić najlepsze lekarstwo u chorych z celiakią.. Ścisłe trzymanie się wymogów diety pozwala na wyeliminowanie objawów choroby przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu wysokiej jakości życia i stanu zdrowia.
Mia Hoffmann

Mia Hoffmann

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