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Immunological Determinants in the Nutrition of Physically Active Individuals

Nutrition Healthy Fats
Mia Hoffmann Author
2026-03-18 Date
4 min. read article.read_time
6 Chapters
Increased physical activity has a significant impact on the functioning of the immune system. Prolonged high-intensity workouts can negatively affect the immunity system, leading to a decrease in white blood cell count and causing a phenomenon known as exercise-induced immunosuppression. As a result, the function of the immune system is impaired, creating an immunological window for microbes. This state can last up to 72 hours. Furthermore, inadequate recovery after exercise, poor nutrition, deficiency in vitamins and minerals, increased oxidative stress, fatigue, and lack of sleep can lead to frequent interruptions in training due to colds. If you frequently get infections or are in the preparatory phase, you should pay particular attention to your nutrition.

Kohlenhydratverbindungen während körperlicher Belastung

Kohlenhydrate, die während körperlicher Belastung konsumiert werden, können zur Verringerung von Stoffwechselstress beitragen und den Blutzuckerspiegel aufrechterhalten. Die Verwendung einer kohlenhydratreichen Ernährung während langer Trainingssitzungen (30–60 g/h) kann dazu beitragen, die Spiegel von Stresshormonen (einschließlich Adrenalin und Cortisol), entzündungshemmenden Zytokinen (z. B. Interleukin 10) zu senken und das Auftreten von Ermüdung zu verzögern.

Flüssigkeitsversorgung für den Körper

Kontinuierliches Trinken von Flüssigkeiten während der Anstrengung verhindert die Dehydrierung des Körpers (eine gestörte Flüssigkeitsbilanz trägt dazu bei, den Spiegel von Stresshormonen zu erhöhen). Darüber hinaus beeinflusst es die Abgabe von Speichel, der antimikrobielle Proteine enthält, wie z.B. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Lysozym, Lactoferrine und Defensine. Die Speichelproduktion nimmt während des Trainings ab. Zusammen mit Dehydrierung kann dies zu einem verringerten Absondern von antimikrobiellen Proteinen führen. Kontinuierliches Trinken von Flüssigkeiten in Mengen von 100 bis 250 ml alle 20 Minuten verhindert diesen Zustand.

Lebende Bakterienkulturen, die die Gesundheit verbessern

Probiotika, das sind lebende Bakterienkulturen, können sich positiv auf die Gesundheit von Menschen auswirken, die an Infektions- oder chronischen Erkältungen leiden. Dies ist auf die Veränderung der Darmmikroflora und die Verbesserung der Integrität der Atemwege zurückzuführen. Darüber hinaus beeinflussen diese Bakterienkulturen die Freisetzung von Makrofagen und Lymphozyten und erhöhen die Expression antimikrobieller Peptide. Probiotika können als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel für Menschen mit wiederkehrenden oder chronischen Infektionen des oberen Atemwegs (URTI) verwendet werden, die Erkältungen, Bronchitis und Laryngitis sowie Symptome wie Fieber, Husten, Halsschmerzen und Kopfschmerzen umfassen. Probiotika können in Lebensmitteln wie Maślanka, Kefir, fermentierten Gemüsesorten - saure Gurken, Sauerkraut - sowie in Form von Tabletten oder wasserlöslichen Sachets gefunden werden. Die meisten Studien deuten darauf hin, dass die Supplementierung mit Probiotika in einer Menge von 10^10, d.h. etwa 10 Milliarden, wirksam ist. Einige Präparate, die 2015 auf dem Markt erhältlich waren, enthielten 25-50 Milliarden Bakterien pro Dosis. Studien, die vom Australian Institute of Sport durchgeführt wurden, zeigten, dass die meisten Athleten eine Dosis von 35-50 Milliarden Bakterien kommerzieller Produkte sicher vertragen. Niedrigere Dosen können für einige Einzelpersonen von Vorteil sein. Probiotika für aktive Menschen sollten Bakterien der Gattung Lactobacillus oder/und Bifidobacterium enthalten.

Vitamin D und seine Salzverbindungen

Die Entdeckung eines Rezeptors für Vitamin D-VDR in den meisten menschlichen Nicht-Hautzellen deutet auf seine Wirkung auf andere Systeme hin, einschließlich des Immunsystems. Vitamin D ist an vielen immunologischen Prozessen beteiligt, einschließlich der Aktivierung und Vermehrung von Lymphozyten, der Antikörperproduktion und der Regulierung der Immunantwort. Vitamin D ist in einigen Lebensmitteln wie Eiern, Milch und Käse enthalten. Es kann auch als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel eingenommen oder in der Haut produziert werden. Aufgrund der geografischen Lage Polens wird eine Vitamin-D-Supplementierung von September bis Ende April für Kinder (1-10 Jahre) in einer Menge von: 600-1000 IE täglich, für Jugendliche und Erwachsene (11-65 Jahre): 800-2000 IE täglich empfohlen. Die zulässige Höchstdosis Vitamin D für Erwachsene mit normalem Körpergewicht beträgt 4000 IE täglich.

Omega-3-Fettsäuren

Fettsäuren spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulierung des Immunsystems auf verschiedene Arten. Einige von ihnen beteiligen sich an der Synthese von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen, wie beispielsweise Fettsäuren aus der Omega-6-Familie, die zur Entwicklung von Entzündungen beitragen. Omega-3-Fettsäuren zeigen eine entzündungshemmende Wirkung (Verminderung der Menge an Zytokinen). Ihnen sollte besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden. Körperliche Anstrengung erhöht die Bildung von entzündlichen Mediatoren, weshalb die Supplementierung mit Fettsäuren nicht nur während der Zeit der Infektionen empfohlen wird. Die empfohlene Dosis beträgt DHA + EPA Omega-3 - 650 mg, einschließlich DHA 350 mg. Neben der Supplementierung mit Omega-3-Fettsäuren ist es sehr wichtig, das richtige Verhältnis von Omega-6 zu Omega-3-Fettsäuren in der Ernährung aufrechtzuerhalten - es sollte 3:1 betragen (in der typischen polnischen Ernährung beträgt es 20:1). Um das richtige Verhältnis aufrechtzuerhalten, sollten Meeresfisch und Pflanzenöle (Raps, Leinsamen, Olivenöl) in die Ernährung aufgenommen und der Verzehr von verarbeiteten Produkten und Süßigkeiten, Traubenkernöl, eingeschränkt werden.

Glutaminsäure

Glutaminsäure ist eine Aminosäure, die von Sportlern während infektiöser Perioden (Herbst und Frühling) in Betracht gezogen werden kann. Es handelt sich um ein Energiesubstrat für Lymphozyten, Erythrozyten und Knochenmarkzellen. Darüber hinaus ist es erwähnenswert, dass es nach dem Training eingenommen werden kann, um das erlebte subjektive Unbehagen zu verringern (besonders wichtig für Menschen, die Probleme haben, unmittelbar nach dem Training zu essen). Allerdings, obwohl es Vorteile hat, hat Glutaminsäure bisher nicht nachgewiesen, dass sie 100% wirksam ist, das Immunsystem nach körperlicher Aktivität zu unterstützen. Nur wenige Wissenschaftler betonen seinen positiven Einfluss auf URTI. Empfohlene Dosierungen betragen 0,1 g/kg Körpergewicht oder 5-10 g.
Mia Hoffmann

Mia Hoffmann

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