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Dietary guidelines for intestinal or urinary stoma patients – key principles, indications, and beneficial foods

Dietary Guidelines Nutrition
Tim Klein Author
2026-09-24 Date
4 min. read article.read_time
6 Chapters
In Poland, thousands of patients undergo surgery to create an intestinal or urinary stoma each year. A shortened digestive pathway can result in distressing symptoms that diminish quality of life. Could a tailored diet assist the patient in managing some of these challenges?

Stomia – co to jest

Stomia jest procedurą polegającą na połączeniu światła jelita z powierzchnią skóry.. W przypadku nieprawidłowego działania tego narządu chirurg wycina chorą część jelita i tworzy nową drogę wypróżniania na ścianie brzucha.. Ileostomię wykonuje się wtedy, gdy konieczne jest usunięcie całego jelita grubego i na powierzchnię brzucha wyłania się jelito cienkie.. Gdy lekarz usuwa tylko część jelita grubego, wówczas mamy do czynienia z kolostomią – wyprowadzeniem światła jelita grubego na ścianę brzucha.. Ze względu na brak zwieracza – końcowego odcinka jelita, pacjent nie ma możliwości kontroli wypróżnień oraz wydalania gazów, dlatego korzysta z worka stomijnego.. Istnieje również przetoka wykonana na układzie moczowym (urostomia), w której moczowody nie prowadzą do pęcherza moczowego, lecz zostają wszczepione do wyizolowanego odcinka jelita.. Ten, podobnie jak w przypadku kolo- i ileostomii, zostaje wyprowadzony na powierzchnię jamy brzusznej.

Stomia – wskazania

Stomia jest zabiegiem wykonywanym rzadko, jedynie w przypadkach, w których żadne inne metody leczenia się nie sprawdziły.. Najczęstszymi wskazaniami do wykonania ileostomii lub kolostomii są choroby zapalne jelit (np.. Choroba Leśniowkiego- Crohna), urazy odbytnicy lub odbytu oraz nowotwory jelita grubego.. Urostomię wykonuje się w przypadku nowotworów złośliwych miednicy mniejszej (np.. Pęcherza moczowego, prostaty), kamicy nerkowej lub moczowodowej czy po urazach w obrębie miednicy.. Nie zawsze jest to rozwiązanie na stałe.. Kiedy istnieje możliwość zamknięcia stomii i odtworzenia ciągłości przewodu pokarmowego, wtedy wyłania się ją tylko na czas potrzebny do wyleczenia nieprawidłowości w chorym narządzie.

Dieta przy stomii – zasady

Pacjentom ze sztucznym odbytem nie zaleca się żadnej konkretnej diety.. Jeśli nie występują u nich problemy trawienne, to nie muszą zmieniać sposobu żywienia.. Należy jednak pamiętać, iż skrócenie przewodu pokarmowego wpływa na wchłanianie wody i składników pokarmowych.. Najczęstsze dolegliwości, jakie spotykają chorych, to biegunka lub zaparcia i gazy.. Ogólne zasady, które powinny być wprowadzone w kuchni to: regularność posiłków – zaleca się jedzenie 3–5 posiłków o stałych porach, powolne spożywanie – należy dokładnie przeżuwać każdy kęs pokarmu, stopniowe wprowadzanie nowych produktów do jadłospisu i dokładna obserwacja reakcji układu pokarmowego, przygotowywanie posiłków z możliwie jak najświeższych i najbardziej naturalnych produktów – należy unikać sztucznych dodatków do żywności (konserwantów, barwników, aromatów), wypijanie ok.. 2 l wody dziennie.

Żywienie chorych ze stomią – biegunka

W przypadku problemów z biegunką chory powinien unikać: bardzo tłustych i słodkich produktów, ostrych przypraw, produktów wzdymających (roślin strączkowych, warzyw kapustnych), surowych owoców i warzyw.. Należy skupić się na ograniczeniu ilości błonnika w diecie oraz dostarczaniu większej ilości płynów, żeby nie dopuścić do odwodnienia organizmu.

Żywienie chorych ze stomią – zaparcia

Kiedy pacjent skarży się na zaparcia, jego sposób żywienia powinien być praktycznie odwrotny do prowadzonego w czasie biegunki.. Ta dolegliwość wymaga przede wszystkim zwiększenia udziału błonnika w diecie.. Należy jeść ciemne pieczywo, pełne ziarna zbóż, płatki owsiane, otręby, surowe warzywa i owoce oraz owoce suszone.. Unika się pokarmów takich jak: czekolada, kakao, tłuste i pikantne potrawy, produkty zapierające (jasne pieczywo, biały ryż, galaretki, banany, jedzenie na bazie mąki ziemniaczanej).. Nie można również zapominać o wypijaniu dużej ilości wody, aby błonnik mógł spełniać swoją rolę.

Żywienie chorych ze stomią – gazy

W przypadku problemów z gazami wyeliminowanie kilku produktów z diety powinno przynieść znaczną poprawę w tej kwestii.. Należą do nich: cebula i czosnek, jaja i ich przetwory, ostre przyprawy, kawa i alkohol, rośliny strączkowe, napoje gazowane.. Trzeba również pamiętać o tym, iż żucie gumy, rozmowy przy posiłku oraz szybkie jedzenie powodują połykanie dużej ilości powietrza wraz z pokarmem, co też może przyczynić się do problemów z gazami.. Pacjenci po wyłonieniu stomii tak naprawdę nie muszą stosować żadnej specjalistycznej diety, jednakże z uwagi na to, iż często pojawiają się u nich problemy jelitowe, powinni ostrożnie dobierać pożywienie do jadłospisu i uważnie obserwować jak ich organizm reaguje na dany produkt.. W przypadku długo utrzymujących się dolegliwości należy zgłosić się do lekarza, który przeprowadzi potrzebne badania i ustali przyczynę owych problemów.
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Tim Klein

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