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Menkes disease - symptoms, causes, treatment and diet
Healthy Lifestyle
Kacper Nowak
Author
2026-09-25
Date
3 min. read
article.read_time
4
Chapters
Each nutrient is indispensable for the correct operation of the human body, which is an intricate mechanism reliant on every component. Diseases that impede the absorption of certain nutrients are evidence of this.
Copper - an essential trace element for the body
Copper, like other elements vital for bodily function, plays a multitude of critical roles. It is indispensable for iron conversion and blood pigment production. Additionally, it serves as a component of enzymes involved in free radical neutralization and neurotransmitter synthesis, while also influencing the structure of collagen and elastin. Supplied through diet, copper is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the stomach and duodenum, from where it reaches the liver. Subsequently, it is transported to other tissues to perform its biochemical functions. But what if the body is unable to absorb copper from food?
Menkes syndrome
Menkes syndrome is a congenital genetic disorder that disrupts copper absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It arises from a mutation in a gene situated on the X chromosome. This condition is sex-linked, implying a higher prevalence in males. In females, who have two X chromosomes, the disease manifests only if defective gene variants are present on both chromosomes. Conversely, in males, who naturally possess X and Y chromosomes, a single faulty gene can trigger symptom development.
Manifestations of Menkes syndrome – a review
All disorders linked to this condition arise from a copper deficiency in the body. This deficiency is also associated with a shortage of numerous enzymes that contain copper. In its classic form, the disease is easily associated with neurological disorders (reduced production of certain neurotransmitters), iron deficiency anemia (ceruloplasmin facilitates iron absorption), and tissue damage, including the liver and brain. Menkes disease is also commonly referred to as the "kinky hair syndrome." The hair of affected individuals is brittle, coarse, of varying thickness, and curly. Symptoms manifest approximately 2–3 months after birth. There is a delay in psychomotor development and loss of previously acquired skills. The child's face is also characteristic – with pale skin and broad cheeks ("cherubic face"). Epileptic seizures frequently occur as well.
Current Treatment Approaches and Challenges in Menkes Disease
Individuals with Menkes disease rarely survive beyond three years of age. The sole proposed treatment involves administering copper intravenously or subcutaneously before the onset of typical disease symptoms. Some concerning symptoms, such as severe jaundice or hypoglycemia, may appear before the age of two months. Unfortunately, even with copper supplementation, it may not reach the brain or affected tissues. Currently, no effective therapy exists to halt or slow disease progression, though ongoing research aims to develop new treatment strategies. Copper is merely one of many essential nutrients whose deficiency can lead to severe consequences. While Menkes disease is not a diet-dependent condition, it underscores the importance of each nutrient and the necessity of their consistent supply. Learn more about myotonic dystrophy, another genetic disorder.
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