Fungal Infections – Their Characteristics and Combat Methods

As previously stated, fungal infections arise from infection with pathogenic fungi. The vast majority of fungal infections are caused by yeast-like fungi and dermatophytes, which are pathogens leading to skin diseases. Additionally, though less frequently, the issue of fungal infection can be caused by mold; mixed infections can also occur. However, it is important to note that there is a risk of infection by animal fungi (so-called zoophilic fungi). Fungal infections are classified, among other things, based on the type of fungus responsible for the infection. The most common are yeast infections, particularly species of the genus Candida, which cause candidiasis. These fungi are widespread and can cause both exogenous and endogenous infections, as the strain Candida albicans (white yeast) is part of the human gut microbiota. Other types of fungal infections include Blastomyces dermatitidis, which cause blastomycosis (so-called American yeast infection), and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, responsible for paracoccidioidomycosis (so-called Brazilian yeast infection). However, fungal infections are not just yeast infections. In addition to these, there are: – mucormycosis, – sporotrichosis, – coccidioidomycosis, – chromoblastomycosis, – histoplasmosis (so-called Darling's disease), – maduromycosis (so-called Madura mycosis), – aspergillosis (so-called mold infection), – cryptococcosis (so-called European yeast infection, although the fungi that cause it are not yeasts).

There are various ways to classify fungal infections, with the most commonly used criterion being their location within the body. Two main groups are distinguished: superficial fungal infections, which affect only the outer layers of the skin, and deep fungal infections, which attack internal organs. Within superficial fungal infections, two subtypes are identified: fungal infections of the hair and dermatophytoses, which are fungal infections of the skin. The latter can affect various body parts, including nails, hands, feet, scalp (e.g., tinea capitis), groin, genitals, and the anus. Deep fungal infections, also known as systemic fungal infections, can develop in various organs, most commonly in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or oral cavity. In some cases, deep fungal infections are accompanied by fungemia, the presence of fungal spores in the blood.

Fungal infections pose a significant threat to individuals with compromised immune systems. Among the most vulnerable groups are patients with metabolic disorders such as diabetes, as well as those with allergies, particularly asthma, where treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids increases the risk of oral cavity infections. Additionally, post-transplant patients, individuals with malignant tumors requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy, and those exposed to chronic stress and psychophysical fatigue are particularly susceptible to fungal infections. It is important to note that weakened immunity is a natural consequence of the aging process, making fungal infections a common issue among the elderly. An imbalanced diet rich in simple carbohydrates creates ideal conditions for fungal growth, as these substances serve as primary nutrients. Furthermore, deficiencies in minerals such as biotin, zinc, niacin, iron, and B vitamins can negatively impact immune function and skin health. Failure to adhere to hygiene practices, such as sharing towels, clothing, or cosmetic items, significantly increases the risk of infection, especially when in contact with already infected individuals. Fungi thrive in moist and warm environments, which is why infections in the armpits, groin, interdigital spaces, or intimate areas often result from inadequate drying after bathing. Such conditions are commonly found in public facilities like swimming pools, saunas, or fitness clubs. Therefore, wearing protective footwear in public restrooms is advisable. Tight-fitting clothing that restricts airflow can further increase the risk of infection, particularly in individuals with excessive sweating. It should not be overlooked that fungal infections can also be transmitted through sexual contact or contact with pets or wild animals that may carry dermatophytes. Additionally, certain fungi can be transmitted through plants, for example, sporotrichosis may occur after a prick from an infected rose thorn. Mold fungi can be found in food products, as well as in rooms or air conditioning systems.

The symptoms of a fungal infection are directly related to the location of the infection. Dermatophytoses, or skin fungi, lead to the following symptoms: – itching, – inflammation of varying severity, – peeling and cracking skin, – a burning sensation in the affected area, – an unpleasant odor, – excessive sweating and elevated skin temperature, – skin changes such as rashes, blisters, or redness – in advanced cases, ulcers may form. Much more serious are systemic fungal infections, which affect internal organs and impair their function. In cases of lung infection, symptoms may include excessive mucus production, blood in sputum, shortness of breath, or persistent coughing. Fungal infections of the digestive tract manifest as diarrhea, abdominal pain, or bloating. A fungal infection can also affect the nervous system, causing concentration difficulties or irritability.

In cases of dermatophyte infections, treatment is primarily localized. Antifungal medications are most commonly used, available in various forms such as aerosols, creams, oils, or gels. Medicinal products for skin fungal infections include: – chlorinaldol, – azoles (e.g., ketoconazole), – allioamines (e.g., terbinafine), – fluorinated pyrimidine derivatives (5-FC), – calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus), – gentian (1% aqueous solution of gentian violet). For systemic or resistant dermatophyte infections, systemic azole medications (e.g., in tablet form) are necessary. Additionally, echinocandins (e.g., anidulafungin) are used in infusion form for fungal infections of the respiratory tract. However, the treatment of fungal infections is not limited to pharmacotherapy. For conditions such as onychomycosis or interdigital fungal infections, specialized care products are recommended. Disinfectants like octenidine or essential oils (e.g., rosemary, tea tree, cinnamon, St. John's wort) as well as soap can be applied. For athlete's foot, additional cosmetic products to regulate hyperhidrosis are beneficial. The treatment process can be supported by: – zinc and B-vitamin supplementation, – a low-carbohydrate diet with reduced simple sugars, – the use of oral or vaginal probiotics (for genital fungal infections).

Preventing fungal infections is far easier than treating them, with personal hygiene and proper body care playing a crucial role. It is advisable to wear loose-fitting underwear and socks, choose comfortable footwear, properly disinfect and treat skin wounds, regularly trim nails, brush teeth, clean the oral cavity, and use skin exfoliants and balms, especially on the feet. Additionally, protective footwear should be worn in public areas. Hygiene also extends to living spaces – regular ventilation, changing bedding, and cleaning air conditioning units. Individuals at risk of animal-borne fungal infections should use protective measures, regularly disinfect pet accessories, and maintain their pet's hygiene. Chronically ill patients, particularly those taking antibiotics, should use probiotics, brush their teeth, and disinfect their oral cavity. Similarly, oncological patients require specialized care to prevent fungal infections.